Humans and aliens: and the cold: the history of the relationship

According to the most popular current theories of human origins as a species, it happened in the African heat. Naturally, in the tropics first priority was to protect people from the heat and humidity, but not from the cold. Over time, the representatives of the human species occupied a wider habitat range, and this area has included the regions and with significant seasonal variations in temperature. This included a very harsh and the area up to polar latitudes in both hemispheres.

Indeed, so far, according to recently compiled Stephen Gruber of the University of Zurich map, Permafrost occupies one sixth of all the open land area, but, for example, in Russia, the "frozen" is 23% of all territories.



Of course, some benefit for themselves and humanity found in the frozen earth - the products are stored for a long time. Those Eskimos and Chukchi in the early 20th century. occasionally fed the dogs (and probably - and themselves) meat of mammoths, frozen for thousands of years ago. Permanent severe frost has preserved for poor scholars mummy Oetzi,relatives who have recently found in Corsica



However, agriculture permafrost completely unusable. Absolute negative temperatures recorded in those places where there have been people who are impressive: it is nearly -90 ° C at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica (for the southern hemisphere) and -68 ° C for the North - in the same Russian Oymyakon.

Because for some unknown reason to science until at least 1.2 million years ago a man lost a large part of the scalp, in cold climates, the body had to develop specific mechanisms of thermoregulation and heat. The situation is rather strange because of the more than 5000 species of mammals, hair does not have only a few species living in hot climates or in the aquatic environment. However, a person has developed a rather effective means to counter the cold. They can be divided into two groups: physiological and civilization.

As a result, technology development mankind learned to create space and clothing reliably isolating members of our species from the environment. This led to a decrease in adaptive properties of the organism, but the mechanisms are not lost, just do not have adequate performance without training, which is fixable in the application of the practice of hardening. In terms of human body temperature regulation has a number of interrelated systems. All bodies are divided into external and internal, and the temperature is certainly higher than the last. These include all the major structures - the heart, lungs (they are able to maintain the temperature at 37 ° C under an environment of -70 to +90 ° C), liver and kidneys. These bodies are rightly considered vital because of their physiology heating pays attention.

At the same time, foreign bodies, such as limbs or skin, have a lower temperature, and it can vary over a wide range in response to changing external conditions. Upon cooling, the body initially responds to vasoconstriction of the skin, reducing heat transfer. Then, the internal organs begin to generate more heat. Finally, if all that fails - start of muscle contraction, which we regard as a fever - and the mechanical production of heat in this way may increase by 80%.

It is common knowledge that a person on 75-80 percent water. However, the freezing of various tissues of the body starts at a temperature much lower freezing point of water. This is due to the fact. What body fluids are essentially concentrated solutions of salts and minerals, because the crystals begin to transform into a temperature -6 ° C and below. At first it freezes intercellular water that during short-term effects are not nearly brings tangible harm to the body. And only if the temperature is lowered, and cools the body for a long time, the liquid inside the damaged cells, which subsequently leads to tissue necrosis.

Recently traveled around the entire world press reporting the unique Swedes spent in snow-covered car without food or water 2 months, and the survivor.