Europe (including Jupiter II) with a diameter of 3121 km, the second innermost and smallest of the four large moons of Jupiter and the sixth largest in the solar system. Although the maximum temperature on the surface of Europe reaches -150 ° C, it is believed that from under a crust of water ice one could be located up to 100 km deep ocean of water. The smooth surface and the structures strongly reminiscent of ice in polar regions on Earth. It is believed that there is among Europe's water ice crust of an ocean of liquid water that is heated by the action of tidal forces. With the cold temperatures, water ice surface is hard as rock. The largest visible craters were apparently filled with fresh ice and leveled. This mechanism, as well as calculations of the tidal forces caused by the warming suggest that Europe's icy crust about 10 to 15 km thick. The underlying ocean could have a depth of up to 100 km. The amount of water would amount to more than double the Earth's oceans.Detailed images show that parts of the crust have shifted against each other and are broken, and a pattern emerged of ice fields. The movement of the crust caused by tidal forces, raising the surface to 30 m and lower.The ice would have bound rotation because of a definite, predictable pattern. Detailed images show instead that only show the geologically recent areas of such a pattern. Other areas soft with age, from this pattern. This can be explained that Europa's surface is moving slightly faster than the intrinsic mantle and core. The crust is the lunar interior through the intervening ocean mechanically decoupling and is influenced by Jupiter's gravitational forces. Comparisons of the recordings of the Galileo and Voyager 2 spacecraft show that the ice crust in Europe about 10,000 years, once around the moon bewegt.Aufnahmen the Hubble Space Telescope have shown evidence for the presence of an extremely thin atmosphere of oxygen at a pressure of 10-11 bar .It is assumed that the oxygen produced by the action of sunlight on the icy crust, where the water is split into oxygen and hydrogen. The volatile hydrogen escapes into space, the more massive oxygen is retained by gravity in Europe.
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